♦️Indian Philosophy♦️
- Vedanta: Atma is the ultimate reality, pure consciousness, and eternal. It is the essence of an individual, and its ultimate goal is to realize its true nature (Brahman).
- Nyaya: Atma is the substance that possesses consciousness and is the subject of experiences. It is eternal and all-pervading.
- Samkhya: Atma (Purusha) is pure consciousness, distinct from the body and mind (Prakriti). It is eternal and liberated through self-realization.
- Buddhism: The concept of Atma is rejected in Buddhism, which instead emphasizes Anatta (No-self), arguing that there is no permanent, unchanging self.
♦️Western Philosophy♦️
- Plato: The soul (psyche) is immortal and immaterial, consisting of reason, spirit, and appetite. It exists before birth and will exist after death.
- Aristotle: The soul is the form or essence of a living being, responsible for its growth, development, and functioning.
- Advaita Vedanta: Atma is non-dual (Brahman), and the individual self is an illusion (Maya).
- Dvaita Vedanta: Atma is distinct from God (Brahman) and is dependent on God’s will.
